“镜像规则”要求承诺内容必须与要约内容一一对应，不能有任何变更或不同，就像一面镜子一样，这让人感觉非常苛刻。这是真的吗？是否有例外？具体如何适用？我们一起来看一下吧。
At common law, any different or additional terms in the acceptance make the response a rejection and counteroffer. It insists on an absolute and unequivocal acceptance of each and every term of the offer. This is called “mirror image rule”.
普通法下，承诺与要约必须一一对应，承诺不能与要约有任何的不同或增加任何额外条款，否则被视为拒绝要约或者反要约，这个规则被称为“mirror image rule”。
Article 2 of the UUC, which governs the sale of goods, has abandoned the mirror image rule and provides that whether the additional or different terms become part of the contract depends on whether or not both parties are merchants.
规范货物买卖合同的UCC已经废弃了mirror image rule，UCC规定承诺中的新增或不同条款是否构成合同的一部分取决于合同主体是否为商人。
If any party to the contract is not a merchant, the additional or different terms are considered to be mere proposals to modify the contract that do not become part of the contract unless the offeror expressly agrees.
如果合同主体的任何一方不是商人，承诺中的新增或不同条款会被视为是修改合同的一种提议，除非要约方明确同意，否则不能成为合同的一部分。
If both parties to the contract are merchants, additional terms in the acceptance will be included in the contract unless they materially alter the original terms of the offer, such as by changing a party’s risk or the remedies available; the offer expressly limits acceptance to the terms of the offer; or the offeror has already objected to the particular terms or objects within a reasonable time after notice of them is received.
如果合同主体双方都是商人，承诺中的新增或不同条款会成为合同的一部分。但如果这些条款实质改变了原有要约的条款，比如针对风险承担和可用救济的变更；要约对承诺有明确限制；或要约方已经反对或者在合理的时间内反对。那么，这些变更将不能成为合同的一部分。
In addition, other courts follow the “knockout rule”, which states that conflicting terms in the offer and acceptance are knocked out of the contract, because each party is assumed to object to the inclusion of such terms in the contract. Under the knockout rule, gaps left by knocked out terms are filled by the UCC.
另外，一些法院遵从“knockout rule”，因为推定任何一方会反对冲突条款的纳入，所以将要约和承诺中的冲突条款剔除在合同之外，基于剔除而产生的盲区由UCC中的规定进行补足。
UCC
Uniform Commercial Code 《统一商法典》
我国《民法典》
第四百八十八条 承诺的内容应当与要约的内容一致。受要约人对要约的内容作出实质性变更的，为新要约。有关合同标的、数量、质量、价款或者报酬、履行期限、履行地点和方式、违约责任和解决争议方法等的变更，是对要约内容的实质性变更。
第四百八十九条 承诺对要约的内容作出非实质性变更的，除要约人及时表示反对或者要约表明承诺不得对要约的内容作出任何变更外，该承诺有效，合同的内容以承诺的内容为准。
作者介绍
延彬彬律师
现为上海律宏律师事务所合伙人律师，民革党员。先后被评为民革上海市委三八红旗手、民革普陀区委先进个人，并在第一届上海律师学术大赛中获“代理词评选”优秀奖，持有证券从业资格证、上海市知识产权工作者证等。
执业领域：
不良资产处置，企业法律顾问，各类合同纠纷，劳动人事纠纷，婚姻家庭纠纷的处理，刑事案件以及行政案件的处理，医疗器械行业法律服务等。
执业理念：
每个人都值得拥有自己的私人律师。
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